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Abdul-Aziz, A-R (1991) Global strategies of construction firms, Unpublished PhD Thesis, Department of Construction Management and Engineering, University of Reading.

Abdullah, F (1999) The Malaysian construction industry: an analysis on the impact of Vision 2020, Unpublished PhD Thesis, Department of Construction Management & Engineering, University of Reading.

Abu Bakar, R (1998) The management practices and organisational culture of large Malaysian construction contractors, Unpublished PhD Thesis, Department of Construction Management and Engineering, University of Reading.

Abulfatih, B M (2000) Project manager's effectiveness in productivity of Bahrain's construction industry, Unpublished PhD Thesis, Department of Construction Management and Engineering, University of Reading.

Abuzaid, G (2010) Determining the competitiveness of UK's consulting engineering firms through the dynamic capabilities view, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Reading.

Ajelabi, I K (2013) Product based project portfolio and information sharing, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Reading.

Al-Bizri, S (1995) Design management plan generator (DMPG): a knowledge-based system for planning the design processes in the construction industry, Unpublished PhD Thesis, Department of Construction Management & Engineering, University of Reading.

Al-Ghamdi, M (2000) The value of engineering design: a study of perceptions of the consulting engineer's contribution to building and civil engineering projects, and the marketing of consulting services, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Reading.

Al-Mansouri, O (1988) The relationship between the designer and contractor in Saudi Arabia, Unpublished PhD Thesis, Department of Construction Management, University of Reading.

Al-Omari, J A (1992) Critique of aspects of development theory using construction industry in a capital-surplus developing economy as an exemplar, Unpublished PhD Thesis, Department of Construction Management and Engineering, University of Reading.

Alghamdi, A M (2022) A systemic approach for construction contract claims settlement in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Reading.

Algithami, S M (2017) The use of a system dynamics approach for modelling maturity of total quality management in Saudi construction firms, Unpublished PhD Thesis, School of Construction Management and Engineering, University of Reading.

Alnaser, A A (2018) The implication of BIM use on communication channels in design processes for Saudi architectural engineering firms, Unpublished PhD Thesis, School of the Built Environment, University of Reading.

Alnaser, N W (2010) Utilisation of solar and wind energy in buildings in the Kingdom of Bahrain: a step towards sustainable building construction, Unpublished PhD Thesis, School of Construction Management and Engineering, University of Reading.

Alqarni, K H (2018) A case study of information technology acceptance in the Saudi Arabian architecture, engineering and construction industry, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Reading.

Alsharif, M A (2017) Improving sustainability on university campuses in Saudi Arabia: An assessment of organisational and decision-related opportunities and barriers, Unpublished PhD Thesis, School of the Built Environment, University of Reading.

Amakali, T R (2017) Inclusive design policy implementation: an organizational knowledge creation perspective, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Reading.

Amirudin, R B (1998) The application of a knowledge-based engineering approach to the structural design of steel framed office buildings, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Reading.

Ancell, D J (2007) Performance-based contracting in construction: innovation for the brave?, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Reading.

Ansari, S (2020) Investigating the energy performance of a multiuse venue building, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Reading.

Aranda-Mena, G (2003) Mapping workers' cognitive structures of construction site hazards, Unpublished PhD Thesis, School of Construction Management and Engineering, University of Reading.

Barton, D A (1988) The effects of step changes on the construction industry: A study of the reaction of construction industries to change, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Reading.

Bevan, W (2016) An investigation of the required skills for the delivery of low and zero carbon buildings within a region, Unpublished PhD Thesis, School of Construction Management and Engineering, University of Reading.

Bilhaif, A (1990) The influence of high temperatures on the productivity of construction workers, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Reading.

Blackburn, S K (2001) Understanding project managers at work, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Reading.

Boyd, N J P (2016) From bicycles to buildings: a SCOT analysis of project level adoption of BIPV, Unpublished PhD Thesis, School of Construction Management and Engineering, University of Reading.

Bridgewater, C (1992) A new approach to the design of buildings for automated construction, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Reading.

Carvajal-Figueroa, Alejandro (2006) The identification and measurement of the benefits of visualization technologies during the briefing process, Unpublished PhD Thesis, School of Construction Management and Engineering, University of Reading.

Chapman, R J (1998) An investigation of the risk of changes to key project personnel during the design stage, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Reading.

Che Haron, R (2017) Systems thinking paradigm in construction cost estimating reliability, Unpublished PhD Thesis, School of the Built Environment, University of Reading.

Collinge, W H (2014) Briefing as meaning making practice through signs: client requirement representations and transformations in construction project design, Unpublished PhD Thesis, School of Construction Management and Engineering, University of Reading.

Crosthwaite, D (2001) The internationalisation of construction professional services: Consulting engineers overseas, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Reading.

Dan-Asabe, D (2011) Psychological contract perspective on commitment and retention: the case of Nigeria and UK construction and project managers, Unpublished PhD Thesis, School of Construction Management and Engineering, University of Reading.

Dania, A A (2017) Sustainable construction at the firm level: case studies from Nigeria, Unpublished PhD Thesis, School of the Built Environment, University of Reading.

Djebarni, R (1993) Leadership patterns in the construction industry in Algeria, Unpublished PhD Thesis, Department of Construction Management and Engineering, University of Reading.

Dlamini, S (2014) The relationship of the construction sector to economic growth: analysis of South African and UK construction sectors, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Reading.

Donyavi, S (2013) Understanding the complexity of materials procurement and the role of technology for small and medium sized enterprises in the construction sector, Unpublished PhD Thesis, School of Construction Management and Engineering, University of Reading.

Downey, M (2014) Selection and adoption of low and zero carbon technologies in social housing: a socio-technical network approach, Unpublished PhD Thesis, School of Construction Management and Engineering, University of Reading.

Dowsett, R (2016) Assessing the success of BIM implementation, Unpublished PhD Thesis, School of Construction Management and Engineering, University of Reading.

Fakhri, H (2015) Public participation in NHS construction projects, Unpublished PhD Thesis, School of Construction Management and Engineering, University of Reading .

Fillingham, V L (2018) Assessing information management as a tool for the ongoing maintenance of built assets, Unpublished PhD Thesis, School of the Built Environment, University of Reading.

Finch, E F (1989) A requisite decision model for the selection of mechanical and electrical services in buildings, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Reading.

Fisher, N (1987) The use of structured data analysis as a construction management research tool, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Reading.

Galbraith, P J (1995) The development of a classification system for construction industry clients, Unpublished PhD Thesis, Department of Construction Management and Engineering, University of Reading.

Galha Bartolo, H M (2002) The application of repertory grid techniques to the assessment of users' perceptions of design quality construction, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Reading.

Gameson, R (1992) An investigation into the interaction between potential building clients and construction professionals, Unpublished PhD Thesis, Department of Construction Management and Engineering, University of Reading.

Green, S D (1996) SMART value management: a group decision support methodology for building design, Unpublished PhD Thesis, Department of Construction Management and Engineering, University of Reading.

Greenwood, D J (2001) Power and proximity: A study of subcontract formation in the UK building industry, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Reading.

• Type: Thesis
• Keywords: complexity; contract formation; partnership; payment; contractor; designer; subcontractor; contractual power; power-proximity; trust; interview
• ISBN/ISSN:
• URL: https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.368652
• Abstract:
  The relationship between main contractors and subcontractors is a major feature of construction activity. The importance of this relationship has been recognised, but its complexity has not. Attention has been focused exclusively on one dimension or another: either the parties' relative power or, more fashionably, their proximity. This leads to apparent anomalies: for example, where a small subcontractor exerts an unexpected amount of power over a much larger main contractor; or a so-called 'partnership' actually conceals the power of a dominant party. A new classification is proposed here, based on both dimensions. This power-proximity typology of relations is supported by legal, economic, and organisational literature, in which reference can be found to both dimensions and to the factors that affect them. A model of subcontract formation was developed from this literature informed by the content of five in-depth interviews with practitioners. The model was examined and refined by generating hypotheses and testing them using empirical data from a survey of 88 transactions. The results clearly confirm the appropriateness of a typology of relationships based upon the two dimensions. In general, subcontractors have less contractual power than main contractors, though some enjoy relatively higher levels than others. These were shown to relate to size, interdependence, contractual awareness and the availability of alternatives, with designers, piling specialists and lift installers exhibiting the highest levels. The most significant influence on proximity was the parties' past relationship, though contractors were less inclined to be close to subcontractors that they perceived to be powerful or contractual. The conceptual map of relations provided by the study could prompt further research in a number of areas. Controlled replication of the study could result in refinement or development of the model itself. Alternatively attention may be directed towards its constituent elements. The concept of contractual power and the indicators that have been chosen to measure it, are potentially useful tools for analysing contract formation. In terms of construction subcontracts, attention should be directed from payment towards retention and damages terms as indicators of relative contractual power. Finally, in an era where there is currently a great deal of uncritical comment in the industry about the trend towards close and equitable relationships, a deeper understanding of the constructs that are associated with proximity, such as trust, mutuality, and reciprocity would be most valuable.

Guo, G (2016) Information exchange using digital collaboration technology: five cases of the social networks in approvals, Unpublished PhD Thesis, School of Construction Management and Engineering, University of Reading.

Gurjao, S (2010) Inclusivity: understanding the careers of women in the construction industry, Unpublished PhD Thesis, School of Construction Management and Engineering, University of Reading.

Haksever, A M (1998) Information overload in construction project management, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Reading.

Hill, S (1997) The complex effects of obstructions on horizontal illuminance in interior lighting design, Unpublished PhD Thesis, Department of Construction Management and Engineering, University of Reading.

Huang, C (2005) The development of an integrated paradigm and a decision support framework for IT innovation adoption, Unpublished PhD Thesis, School of Construction Management and Engineering, University of Reading.

Jewell, C A (2011) A typology of construction professional service firms: A consulting engineering perspective, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Reading.

Kähkönen, K E E (1993) Modelling activity dependencies for building construction project scheduling, Unpublished PhD Thesis, Department of Construction Management and Engineering, University of Reading.

Kabiri, S (2014) Role conflict and role ambiguity in construction projects, Unpublished PhD Thesis, School of Construction Management and Engineering, University of Reading.

Kamal, E M (2011) Absorptive capacity and implementation of new technology in Malaysian small and medium sized construction companies, Unpublished PhD Thesis, School of Construction Management and Engineering, University of Reading.

Kao, C-C (2004) The briefing process: an organizational knowledge-creation perspective, Unpublished PhD Thesis, School of Construction Management and Engineering, University of Reading.

Kapambwe, F C (2003) An evaluation of the implications of equity foreign direct investment risks in BOT infrastructure projects for overseas contractors in sub-Saharan Africa, Unpublished PhD Thesis, School of Construction Management and Engineering, University of Reading.

Karnasuta, P (2004) An examination of the effects of web-based virtual working environments on team effectiveness within construction projects, Unpublished PhD Thesis, School of Construction Management and Engineering, University of Reading.

Khalid, A G (1992) Hedonic price estimation of the financial impact of obsolescence on commercial property buildings, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Reading.

Khan, K I A (2016) Management of information complexity using system dynamics for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) on construction projects, Unpublished PhD Thesis, School of Construction Management and Engineering, University of Reading.

Kim, H-s (1998) Value for money in building design: Modelling the cost-quality relationships, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Reading.

Kim, J H (2003) An approach to facilitate knowledge streams of occasional individual building industry clients at the pre-project stage, Unpublished PhD Thesis, School of Construction Management and Engineering, University of Reading.

Kim, J I (2004) A study on the factors affecting technology transfer in the Korean construction industry, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Reading.

Kim, S (2013) Hybrid EVAS-CBR system for the preliminary cost estimation of high-rise buildings, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Reading.

Kurokawa, M (2015) Tracing client interests in the course of a project: Why are some client interests incorporated whereas others are not?, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Reading.

Kwawu, W E K (2009) Relational contracting in the UK construction sector, Unpublished PhD Thesis, School of Construction Management and Engineering, University of Reading.

Lansley, P R (1990) The utilisation of construction management research, Unpublished PhD Thesis, Department of Construction Management and Engineering, University of Reading.

Larsen, G D (2005) A polymorphic framework for understanding the diffusion of innovations within the UK construction industry, Unpublished PhD Thesis, School of Construction Management and Engineering, University of Reading.

Laryea, S A (2008) How contractors take account of risk in the tender process: theory and practice, Unpublished PhD Thesis, School of Construction Management and Engineering, University of Reading.

Latif, Hafizah Mohd (2014) Case studies of Malaysian contractor's bidding processes: ethical principles and practices, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Reading.

Lee, F K S (2016) Construction contractor selection criteria: the effects of relational norms, price and prequalification, Unpublished PhD Thesis, School of Construction Management and Engineering, University of Reading.

Lewis, A (2013) A framework for improving building operations decisions for energy efficiency, Unpublished PhD Thesis, School of Construction Management and Engineering, University of Reading.

Li, B (1998) Assessing the influence of the indoor environment on self-reported productivity in offices, Unpublished PhD Thesis, Department of Construction Management and Engineering, University of Reading.

Li, S (1998) An investigation of the build operate transfer approach for infrastucture works in the People's Republic of China, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Reading.

Liu, J (2005) Organisational learning of risk management for Chinese contractors, Unpublished PhD Thesis, School of Construction Management and Engineering, University of Reading.

Loosemore, M (1996) Reactive crisis management in traditionally procured building projects: a longitudinal investigation of behaviour and communication patterns, Unpublished PhD Thesis, Department of Construction Management and Engineering, University of Reading.

Luck, R (2007) Analysing talk-in-interaction between architects and users, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Reading.

Ma, Y (2011) A semiotic framework for buildings performance assessment, Unpublished PhD Thesis, School of Construction Management and Engineering, University of Reading.

Maftei, L (2015) The use of immersive virtual reality technology in the design process : a reflective practice approach, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Reading.

Maradza, E N (2015) Adaptation of industry BIM process standards in a large construction firm, Unpublished PhD Thesis, School of Construction Management and Engineering, University of Reading.

Marsh, L (1998) Portable datafiles in the construction supply chain, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Reading.

Mastrandrea, F (1991) The quantification of construction contractors' claims, Unpublished PhD Thesis, Department of Construction Management and Engineering, University of Reading.

McCausland, K (2021) The design, development and evaluation of GIS applications as decision support tools for ecologically aware infrastructure design, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Reading.

McWilliam, R C (2002) The evolution of British standards, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Reading.

Mohd Hafir, N H B (2019) The investigation of the interplay between professional identity and attitudes towards sustainability for more sustainability practices in the built environment sector, Unpublished PhD Thesis, School of the Built Environment, University of Reading.

Mutti, C d N (2005) The drivers of Brazilian contractors' competitiveness in the international market, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Reading.

Nanayakkara, L (2004) The motivation of masons in the Sri Lankan construction industry, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Reading.

Ness, K (2013) Constructing craft identities: discourses of skill and identity in the building trades, Unpublished PhD Thesis, School of Construction Management and Engineering, University of Reading.

Nkado, R N (1991) A construction time information system for the building industry, Unpublished PhD Thesis, Department of Construction Management and Engineering, University of Reading.

Ntshwene, K (2019) The transition to sustainable construction in Botswana: a multi-level perspective, Unpublished PhD Thesis, School of the Built Environment, University of Reading.

Odebode, O M (2004) Consideration of investment risk in build operate transfer ifrastructure projects in Africa: lenders' perspective, Unpublished PhD Thesis, School of Construction Management and Engineering, University of Reading.

Pain, J (1988) Design-build and the traditional approach: A comparative study with particular reference to the jct 'with contractor's design' 1981 form of contract, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Reading.

Park, S H (2009) Whole life performance tender evaluation for design-build in the Korean public sector, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Reading.

Patel, H (2017) The library: physicality and enactment, Unpublished PhD Thesis, School of the Built Environment, University of Reading.

Peace, S L (1999) Partnering in the UK building industry, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Reading.

Pekeriçli, M K (2010) A lifecycle information management solution for built environment facilities, Unpublished PhD Thesis, School of Construction Management and Engineering, University of Reading.

Pickrell, S (1999) A surveyor's world-view: decision-making in Building Surveying, Unpublished PhD Thesis, Department of Construction Management and Engineering, University of Reading.

Qin, B (2019) Change and continuity: making sense of marketization in the Chinese construction sector, Unpublished PhD Thesis, School of the Built Environment, University of Reading.

Rashid, R A (1998) A model for an effective implementation of the government technology transfer policy in the Malaysian construction industry, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Reading.

Richardson, S (2017) Embodied carbon assessment and decision making under uncertainty: case studies of UK supermarket construction, Unpublished PhD Thesis, School of the Built Environment, University of Reading.

Sergeeva, N (2014) Narratives of innovation in the UK construction sector: a sensemaking perspective, Unpublished PhD Thesis, School of Construction Management and Engineering, University of Reading.

Seymour, H (1986) International investment in the construction industry, Unpublished PhD Thesis, Department of Construction Management, University of Reading.

Shen, L-Y (1990) Application of risk management to the Chinese construction industry, Unpublished PhD Thesis, Department of Construction Management and Engineering, University of Reading.

Shipton, C (2013) Making changes: an ethnography of client changes on a construction project, Unpublished PhD Thesis, School of Construction Management and Engineering, University of Reading.

Simister, S J (1994) An investigation into the influences on construction professionals' working practices, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Reading.

Singh, A (2017) Corporate social responsibility in construction firms operating in the UK, Unpublished PhD Thesis, School of the Built Environment, University of Reading.

Ulutas Duman, D (2020) Strategy narratives in Turkish international contracting: mobilising the past as a means of creating a heroic identity, Unpublished PhD Thesis, , University of Reading.

Walker, R (1991) Housing co-operatives: paths to tenant control and housing satisfaction?, Unpublished PhD Thesis, Department of Construction Management and Engineering, University of Reading.

Whang, S-W (2017) The influence of design-production management at the pre-production stage for major international projects in Korea, Unpublished PhD Thesis, School of the Built Environment, University of Reading.

Zhi, H (1992) The economic risk analysis in international construction markets, Unpublished PhD Thesis, Department of Construction Management and Engineering, University of Reading.